home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
TIME: Almanac of the 20th Century
/
TIME, Almanac of the 20th Century.ISO
/
1990
/
90
/
apr_jun
/
0604009.000
< prev
next >
Wrap
Text File
|
1994-02-27
|
8KB
|
169 lines
<text>
<title>
(Jun. 04, 1990) Tiananmen Square:One Year Later
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
June 04, 1990 Gorbachev:In The Eye Of The Storm
</history>
<link 05893>
<link 05000>
<link 03501>
<link 00251><article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
WORLD, Page 58
CHINA
One Year Later
</hdr>
<body>
<p>The leadership stifles dissent as it tries to put the best face
on an unpopular regime
</p>
<p>BY Sandra Burton/Beijing--With reporting by David Aikman/
Washington and Jaime A. FlorCruz/Beijing
</p>
<p> Beijing is increasingly a city of false facades. Each day
picturesque walls made of stucco and tile are erected around
deteriorating residential neighborhoods to hide them from
visitors who will attend the 1990 Asian Games in the Chinese
capital this September. No less deceptive is the charade that
is performed each night at major intersections throughout the
city. Disguised as policemen, combat-ready army officers man
security checkpoints that were allegedly dismantled when martial
law was lifted in January. Says a dissident intellectual:
"Stability is only an illusion."
</p>
<p> One year after the bloody crackdown that silenced China's
nascent democracy movement, a divided Communist Party
leadership is attempting to stifle dissent while it tries to
put the best face on an unpopular regime. Recent decisions to
relax the government's two-year-old economic austerity program,
lift martial law in Beijing and the Tibetan capital of Lhasa
and tone down the ideological decibel level represent a modest
victory for the pragmatic approach of retired patriarch Deng
Xiaoping over a clutch of veteran hard-liners. Yet Deng, 85,
remains locked in a paralyzing succession struggle that
precludes any but the most cosmetic policy changes in the near
future. "What we are seeing is the classic politics of the end
of an era," says a senior Asian diplomat in Beijing. "Since the
Emperor never retires, we must wait until he dies." Until then
the kingdom and its subjects can do little but wait and wonder
what will follow.
</p>
<p> Last week President George Bush removed most of what
leverage Washington still enjoyed over Beijing by approving a
one-year extension of China's most favored nation trading
status. Bush's move drew angry criticism from many members of
Congress, including Republicans, but Capitol Hill is unlikely
to muster the two-thirds vote of both chambers that would be
needed to block the measure. Bush argued his case on economic
grounds, claiming that to deprive Beijing of its MFN
classification would harm the Chinese people, cost capitalist
Hong Kong 20,000 jobs and $8.5 billion in exports of
Chinese-made goods processed in Hong Kong, and add 40% to the
prices American consumers must pay for Chinese imports. But he
also defended his action as the best way, ultimately, to ensure
a more democratic China. "The people of China who trade with
us are the engine of reform," Bush contended. "Our
responsibility to them is best met not by isolating those
forces...but by keeping open the channels of commerce."
</p>
<p> Though both the U.S. and Hong Kong would have suffered
greater financial losses than China if MFN status had not been
renewed, Beijing can ill afford the estimated $3 billion or
more that revocation would have cost mainland enterprises.
Despite the success of a stringent austerity program in cooling
the overheated economy and cutting inflation from 18% last year
to less than 5% today, there have been debilitating side
effects. The suspension or reduction in production in as many
as one-third of Chinese factories and the cancellation of
hundreds of construction projects have contributed to a
"floating population" of unemployed job seekers that totals 50
million. In the wake of the Beijing massacre, tourism revenue
has fallen nearly $1 billion. To Beijing's dismay, the U.S.,
Japan and the European Community have stood firm for a year in
blocking all but humanitarian loans by the World Bank. Thus
commercial banks remain wary of lending money to China.
</p>
<p> Beijing's kinder, gentler line appears to be directed as
much toward its own increasingly alienated people as its
foreign creditors. "If the ruling party cuts itself off from
the masses," warned an extraordinarily candid commentary in the
Communist theoretical magazine Qiushi (Seeking Truth) last
month, "it will invite calamity or will even be forced to step
down." In the absence of ambitious goals like the economic and
political liberalization policies set by fallen party chief Zhao
Ziyang, says a Western diplomat in Beijing, "politics becomes
a question of how you achieve stability best." At the moment,
two approaches are vying for approval:
</p>
<p>-- Rule with an iron hand. Hard-line ideologues argue that
visible force and revolutionary spirit are essential to
maintain order. They favor reviving old-fashioned sloganeering
and mass-action campaigns, like the recent one urging people
to "Learn from Lei Feng," a mawkishly selfless soldier who was
virtually canonized by Chairman Mao. If stronger medicine is
needed to awaken top party and local leaders to the dangers of
internal divisions, hard-liners are offering a one-hour video
titled Eastern Europe in Turmoil. According to one viewer, the
tape is designed "to make local Communist officials realize
that if in a crisis they fail to hitch a line to the Communist
boat, they will all sink together--like Ceausescu."
</p>
<p>-- Give the people a greater voice. Liberal reformists
contend that stability is built on economic prosperity and
greater citizen participation. "How can you do your work if
people run away as soon as they see you?" asked Li Ruihuan, a
member of the Politburo Standing Committee, in an interview
with the People's Daily. "We should talk about something that
the people are interested in and that can help them do away
with their worries." None of the would-be successors to Deng can
spin such sentiments into a platform of action, however, as
long as the so-called gang of elders is watching their every
move. "It's too dangerous for one to raise his head above the
crowd for fear of having it chopped off," observes a diplomat.
</p>
<p> What will happen after Deng dies is a matter of constant
debate among China watchers; most agree that his passing will
be traumatic. "When Deng dies, all hell will break loose once
again," says an Asian ambassador based in Beijing. Few believe,
however, that change will ultimately come from the streets in
protests like those mounted last spring, although a
better-educated people will inevitably demand more freedom of
expression. Nor do they foresee the imminent collapse of the
Communist Party, as happened in Eastern Europe. Whereas the
regimes in Eastern Europe were imposed by the Soviet Union,
rule by the Chinese Communist Party was the product of a
nationalist revolution. Moreover, China is still a poor,
developing country whose huge, largely peasant population has
had little exposure to the concept of democracy. The average
Chinese tends to be more protective of his recently acquired
right to grow cash crops than of the human rights for which
students demonstrated last spring.
</p>
<p> Robert Scalapino, director of the Institute of East Asian
Studies at the University of California, Berkeley, suspects
that a deep-seated need for stability on the part of most
Chinese will induce the next generation of leaders to opt for
a system of political authoritarianism but social and economic
pluralism. Says he: "Even the intellectuals remember the chaos
of the Cultural Revolution and the warlord period, and they
don't want to go back to it."
</p>
<p> The party and the army, in fact, are the only two viable
institutions in China, and the army is in the service of the
party. That leaves only one channel for positive change: a new,
more enlightened Emperor who will reform the system from the
top down. Such a leader can come forward, of course, only after
Deng has died. But even if a Chinese version of Mikhail
Gorbachev does take office, he will have to tread carefully.
As the students camped out in Tiananmen Square discovered that
fateful night last June, any attempt to change China too quickly
is an invitation to tragedy.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>